Easy2Siksha.com
GNDU Question Paper-2024
BBA 5
th
Semester
PUNJAB HISTORY & CULTURE
(From 1849-1947 A.D.)
Time Allowed: Three Hours Max. Marks: 50
Note: Attempt Five questions in all, selecting at least One question from each section. The Fifth
question may be attempted from any section. All questions carry equal marks.
SECTION-A
1. Describe the events and consequences of the first Anglo-Sikh War.
2. Write a note on the annexation of Punjab by the British.
SECTION-B
3. Explain the British policy towards agriculture and industry in the Punjab.
4. Explain the development of modern education at Primary, Secondary and Higher levels
in the colonial Punjab.
SECTION-C
5. Discuss the origin, principles and achievements of the Namdhari Movement.
6. Explain the origin and development of Gadhar Movement in Punjab.
Easy2Siksha.com
SECTION-D
7. Write a note on Gurdwara Reform Movement and its consequences.
8. Discuss the career of Bhagat Singh with special reference to his role in the
Freedom Struggle.
GNDU Answer Paper-2024
BBA 5
th
Semester
PUNJAB HISTORY & CULTURE
(From 1849-1947 A.D.)
Time Allowed: Three Hours Max. Marks: 50
Note: Attempt Five questions in all, selecting at least One question from each section. The Fifth
question may be attempted from any section. All questions carry equal marks.
SECTION-A
1. Describe the events and consequences of the first Anglo-Sikh War.
Ans: A Turbulent Dawn in Punjab
The year was 1845, and the powerful Sikh Empire, once united under the great Maharaja
Ranjit Singh, stood at a crossroads. After his death in 1839, the kingdom that he had built
with discipline, diplomacy, and courage began to crumble from within. Imagine a strong
building whose pillars start cracking one by one — that was Punjab after Ranjit Singh’s
death.
There was confusion, rivalry, and mistrust everywhere. The Lahore Darbar (the Sikh court)
was divided between ambitious nobles, weak rulers, and a restless army that had tasted
power and wealth under the Maharaja. The Khalsa Army, once loyal and disciplined,
became an unpredictable force, often acting on its own will.
Easy2Siksha.com
Meanwhile, on the other side of the Sutlej River, the British East India Company watched
everything very carefully. The British had already captured large parts of India and were
now eyeing the rich and fertile land of Punjab — the last big independent kingdom in the
north. They saw the internal chaos of the Sikh Empire as a golden opportunity.
The Spark That Lit the War
By the end of 1845, the relationship between the British and the Sikhs had become tense
like a stretched bowstring. The British had moved their troops closer to the Sutlej River,
near Sikh territory, claiming it was only for “defensive reasons.” But the Sikhs saw it as a
direct threat.
At this time, the real power in Lahore was in the hands of Lal Singh (the Wazir or Prime
Minister) and Tej Singh (the Commander-in-Chief). Unfortunately, both were secretly in
touch with the British — betraying their own people for personal gain.
The Khalsa Army, angered by British provocations and misled by these corrupt leaders,
decided to cross the Sutlej River in December 1845. This act was seen by the British as an
open declaration of war. Thus began the First Anglo-Sikh War (1845–1846) — a conflict
born out of mistrust, deceit, and political ambition.
Major Battles of the War
The war was fought in a series of bloody battles across Punjab. Let’s walk through them like
scenes from a tense historical drama:
1. The Battle of Mudki (December 18, 1845)
The British under Sir Hugh Gough met the Sikh forces near Mudki. The Sikhs fought bravely
and fiercely, but because of poor coordination and betrayal from their commanders, they
were forced to retreat. Although the British claimed victory, they suffered heavy losses and
realized that the Sikh soldiers were not easy to defeat.
2. The Battle of Ferozeshah (December 21–22, 1845)
This was one of the fiercest battles of the war. The Sikh army, strongly positioned, faced
British attacks for two days. At one point, it seemed the British would be completely
defeated. But again, treachery played its part — Tej Singh suddenly withdrew his forces for
unknown reasons, allowing the British to survive. The British narrowly escaped total
destruction and claimed another costly victory.
3. The Battle of Baddowal (January 1846)
Easy2Siksha.com
Here, the Sikhs took revenge. Under Ranjodh Singh Majithia, they defeated a British
detachment, capturing supplies and inflicting heavy damage. It was one of the few moments
of genuine Sikh success during the war.
4. The Battle of Aliwal (January 28, 1846)
The British regrouped quickly. Under Sir Harry Smith, they defeated the Sikhs at Aliwal. The
British forces were now more organized, while the Sikhs continued to suffer from weak
leadership and internal betrayal.
5. The Battle of Sobraon (February 10, 1846)
This was the decisive and final battle of the war. Nearly 20,000 Sikh soldiers fought
heroically on the banks of the Sutlej River. But once again, fate was cruel — Tej Singh, the
commander, fled the battlefield, leaving the Khalsa troops trapped between the British
army and the flooded river. The Sikhs fought till their last breath, but thousands died in
battle or drowned in the river. The British victory at Sobraon marked the end of the First
Anglo-Sikh War.
The Treaty of Lahore (March 9, 1846)
After the crushing defeat at Sobraon, the Sikh leaders had no choice but to accept British
terms. The Treaty of Lahore was signed on March 9, 1846. But it was not a fair treaty — it
was a document of humiliation and loss.
According to the treaty:
1. The Sikh state had to give up a large part of its territory, including Jalandhar Doab.
2. The army of the Sikhs was drastically reduced.
3. A huge war indemnity (payment) of one and a half crore rupees had to be paid to
the British.
4. As the Lahore Darbar could not pay this full amount, they handed over Kashmir to
the British, who then sold it to Gulab Singh (the Dogra ruler of Jammu) — thus
creating the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir.
5. A British Resident (political officer) was stationed in Lahore to oversee the
administration, making Punjab’s independence only a formality.
A few days later, another agreement — the Treaty of Amritsar (March 16, 1846) — was
signed between the British and Gulab Singh, officially granting him control over Kashmir for
a payment of 75 lakh rupees.
Consequences of the First Anglo-Sikh War
The war changed the history of Punjab forever. Let’s understand its impact step by step:
Easy2Siksha.com
1. Loss of Independence:
Punjab, once a proud and independent kingdom, now came under British control,
though indirectly at first. The Lahore Darbar remained in name, but real power
rested in British hands.
2. Weakening of the Khalsa Army:
The mighty Khalsa army — the pride of Maharaja Ranjit Singh — was reduced in size
and power. This broke the backbone of Sikh military strength.
3. Territorial Changes:
Punjab lost valuable territories like the Jalandhar Doab and Kashmir. The partition of
these lands weakened the economic and strategic position of the state.
4. Rise of British Influence:
The presence of a British Resident in Lahore gave the East India Company a foothold
in the region. They started interfering in Punjab’s internal matters more openly.
5. Seeds of the Second Anglo-Sikh War:
Although the British claimed victory, the Sikhs were not fully subdued. The
resentment, humiliation, and anger among the Sikh soldiers and people soon boiled
over again. This led to the Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848–49), after which Punjab
was finally annexed by the British.
The Human Side of the Story
Beyond battles and treaties, the war had a deep emotional impact. For the common Sikh
soldiers, it was not just a political war — it was a fight to protect their pride and homeland.
Many of them fought even when they knew they were being betrayed by their own leaders.
The courage they displayed earned the respect even of their enemies.
For the people of Punjab, it was a painful transformation — from a land of warriors and
kings to a province ruled by foreigners. The glittering court of Lahore turned silent, and the
dream of Sikh sovereignty faded away.
In Conclusion
The First Anglo-Sikh War was not just a clash of armies; it was the tragic result of internal
weakness and foreign ambition. The bravery of the Sikh soldiers stands as one of the most
remarkable chapters in Indian history, but their defeat reminds us how division and betrayal
can destroy even the strongest empires.
In the end, the war became a turning point — not only for Punjab but for all of India. It
showed how the British slowly but cleverly tightened their grip over the subcontinent, one
kingdom at a time.
Thus, the story of the First Anglo-Sikh War is a powerful lesson — that unity and integrity
are the true shields of any nation.
Easy2Siksha.com
2. Write a note on the annexation of Punjab by the British.
Ans: In the mid-nineteenth century, the fertile plains of Punjab were like a jewel that both
the Sikhs and the British coveted. For the Sikhs, Punjab was the proud legacy of Maharaja
Ranjit Singh, the “Lion of Punjab,” who had built a strong and independent kingdom. For the
British, Punjab was the gateway to Central Asia, a land of immense strategic and economic
value. The story of how Punjab eventually fell into British hands is not just about battles and
treaties—it is also about political intrigue, weak leadership, and the relentless ambition of
the East India Company.
Let’s walk through this story step by step, so that the annexation of Punjab in 1849
becomes clear, simple, and memorable.
Background: The Rise of the Sikh Empire
• Maharaja Ranjit Singh, through his leadership and military skill, united the Sikh misls
(confederacies) and established a powerful Sikh kingdom in 1801.
• His empire stretched from the Sutlej to the Khyber Pass, including Kashmir and
Multan.
• He maintained a strong army and kept the British at bay through diplomacy, signing
the Treaty of Amritsar (1809), which fixed the Sutlej River as the boundary between
the Sikhs and the British.
Under Ranjit Singh, Punjab was stable, prosperous, and respected.
After Ranjit Singh: Decline and Disorder
• Ranjit Singh died in 1839, and with his death, the empire lost its unifying force.
• A series of weak successors followed, and palace intrigues, assassinations, and
factional rivalries weakened the state.
• The once-disciplined Sikh army grew restless and began interfering in politics.
• By 1843, the throne was occupied by the minor Maharaja Dalip Singh, under the
regency of his mother, Rani Jindan.
This political instability gave the British the perfect opportunity to interfere.
The First Anglo-Sikh War (1845–46)
• Tensions between the Sikh army and the British escalated, leading to the First Anglo-
Sikh War.
• Despite their bravery, the Sikhs were defeated due to internal treachery and poor
leadership.
• The Treaty of Lahore (1846) was signed:
o The Sikhs had to cede Jammu and Kashmir.
o They paid a heavy indemnity.
o A British Resident was stationed at Lahore, making Punjab a virtual
protectorate.
Easy2Siksha.com
The independence of Punjab was now only nominal.
The Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848–49)
• In 1848, a rebellion broke out in Multan under Diwan Mul Raj.
• The revolt spread, and the Sikh army once again clashed with the British.
• The decisive battle was the Battle of Gujarat (1849), where the Sikhs were finally
defeated.
• Lord Dalhousie, the Governor-General, announced the annexation of Punjab in
March 1849.
With this, the proud Sikh kingdom came under British rule.
Causes of Annexation
1. Internal Weakness – After Ranjit Singh, Punjab lacked strong leadership.
2. Army’s Dominance – The Khalsa army became unruly and interfered in politics.
3. British Ambition – Punjab’s fertile land and strategic location tempted the British.
4. Wars with the British – The two Anglo-Sikh wars weakened Punjab irreversibly.
5. Dalhousie’s Policy of Expansion – Lord Dalhousie believed in aggressive annexation.
Consequences of Annexation
1. End of Sikh Sovereignty
o The independent Sikh kingdom ceased to exist.
o Maharaja Dalip Singh was dethroned and sent to England.
2. British Administration in Punjab
o Punjab was placed under a special Board of Administration headed by Henry
Lawrence.
o The British introduced new systems of revenue, law, and order.
3. Military Importance
o Punjab became a major recruiting ground for the British Indian Army.
o Sikh soldiers later played a crucial role in suppressing the Revolt of 1857.
4. Economic Impact
o The British exploited Punjab’s agricultural wealth.
o Irrigation canals were developed, but largely to serve colonial interests.
5. Cultural and Emotional Impact
o For the Sikhs, the annexation was a deep blow to their pride and
independence.
o Yet, Punjab also became a region where modern education and infrastructure
were introduced under British rule.
Humanized Storytelling
Think of Punjab as a mighty fortress. Under Ranjit Singh, the walls were strong, the soldiers
disciplined, and the gates firmly shut against outsiders. But after his death, cracks appeared
in the walls—successors fought among themselves, soldiers became restless, and the
Easy2Siksha.com
fortress weakened. The British, waiting patiently outside, saw their chance. They attacked
twice. The first time, the fortress was damaged but still standing. The second time, it
collapsed completely, and the British walked in to claim it.
Why the Annexation of Punjab Matters in History
• It marked the end of independent Sikh rule in India.
• It completed the British conquest of the Indian subcontinent—Punjab was one of the
last major regions to fall.
• It showed how internal disunity and external ambition together can destroy even the
strongest of kingdoms.
• It also set the stage for Punjab’s unique role in India’s later history, from the Revolt
of 1857 to the freedom struggle.
Conclusion
The annexation of Punjab in 1849 was not a sudden event but the result of a long chain of
causes—Ranjit Singh’s death, political instability, the rise of a powerful but undisciplined
army, and the relentless ambition of the British. Through two Anglo-Sikh wars and a series
of treaties, the British gradually tightened their grip until Punjab was fully absorbed into
their empire.
In short: The story of Punjab’s annexation is both a tragedy and a lesson. It reminds us
that unity and strong leadership are essential for independence, and that empires often fall
not just because of external enemies, but also because of weaknesses within.
SECTION-B
3. Explain the British policy towards agriculture and industry in the Punjab.
Ans: Let’s travel back in time—to the year 1849, when the mighty kingdom of Punjab, after
years of brave resistance, finally came under the rule of the British Empire. This land, known
for its fertile soil and hardworking farmers, now stood at a crossroads. The British were not
just conquerors—they were shrewd rulers with one primary goal: to make their rule
profitable. And to achieve that, they began reshaping Punjab’s agriculture and industry
according to their own needs.
Let’s understand how this transformation unfolded—like chapters in a story of change,
control, and consequences.
Chapter 1: The Land of Five Rivers Becomes the Land of Revenue
Easy2Siksha.com
Punjab was a land blessed by nature. The five rivers—Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, Chenab, and
Jhelum—made its soil extremely fertile. But under British rule, this blessing became a tool
for profit. The British officials looked at these green fields not as symbols of life, but as
sources of revenue.
The British introduced the land revenue system, where farmers had to pay a fixed amount
of tax to the government. It didn’t matter whether there was rain or drought—the tax had
to be paid on time. This meant that the landowners (zamindars) and peasants were
constantly under pressure. If they failed to pay, their land could be taken away.
However, the British were clever—they wanted to appear as “modernizers.” So, they
introduced a scientific system of land measurement and maintained detailed land records,
something that hadn’t existed before. This helped them collect revenue more efficiently.
But beneath this organized system was a harsh truth:
The policy was not made to help the farmer—it was made to fill the British treasury. The
farmers were left with little profit after paying taxes, and many of them fell into debt.
Chapter 2: Canals – A Miracle or a Master Plan?
When we talk about British policies in Punjab, one cannot forget the famous Canal Colonies.
These were massive irrigation projects started by the British during the late 19th and early
20th centuries. At first glance, they looked like a blessing—turning dry, barren lands of
western Punjab (like Lyallpur, Montgomery, and Multan) into fertile fields.
But if we look closely, this was a well-calculated strategy. The British wanted to increase
agricultural production, especially of cash crops like wheat, cotton, and sugarcane—crops
that would feed the industries of England, not Punjab.
To make this happen, they brought settlers (mostly loyal peasants and soldiers) to these
newly irrigated lands and gave them plots. These areas were called “Canal Colonies.” Cities
like Lyallpur (now Faisalabad) were born out of this policy.
So, while the canals did bring prosperity and made Punjab known as the “Granary of India,”
the real winners were the British, who exported Punjab’s rich harvest to feed their factories
and armies across the world.
Chapter 3: The Farmer’s Burden
The British economic policies looked modern on paper, but for the Punjabi farmer, they
were like a trap.
The introduction of moneylenders (sahukars) played a key role in this. Since farmers had to
pay taxes in cash and not in kind (as it was before), they borrowed money from sahukars at
Easy2Siksha.com
high interest rates. When they couldn’t repay, they lost their land. This led to widespread
rural indebtedness and poverty.
This exploitation eventually resulted in peasant unrest. The most famous of these was the
Pagri Sambhal Jatta Movement (1907), where farmers of Punjab rose against unfair land
laws. Their slogan, “Pagri sambhal jatta” (O farmer, hold your turban high), became a cry for
dignity and justice.
Thus, what started as an agricultural reform turned into a system of economic control,
keeping farmers dependent and poor.
Chapter 4: Industrial Policy – A Story of Neglect
While agriculture was being reshaped, industry in Punjab told a different story—a story of
neglect and suppression.
The British government had no interest in developing local industries because they feared
competition with their own industries in Britain. The main aim of British rule was simple:
Punjab should produce raw materials, and finished goods should come from Britain.
This meant that local crafts, handlooms, and cottage industries slowly died out. Skilled
artisans who once made beautiful textiles, metal works, and handicrafts lost their
livelihoods. Imported British goods—cheap and machine-made—flooded the markets and
replaced the handmade products of Punjab.
The Industrial Revolution in England might have made Britain rich, but it made regions like
Punjab dependent. Punjab became a market for British goods and a supplier of raw
materials, not a center of industrial growth.
Chapter 5: Small Sparks of Industry
Despite British neglect, some small-scale industries did emerge in Punjab, but mostly due to
local initiative rather than British encouragement.
• The Amritsar and Ludhiana regions became known for small textile and hosiery
industries.
• Lahore developed as an educational and printing center.
• Railway workshops and some military-related industries were set up to serve the
British army’s needs.
However, these industries were limited in scale and did not bring large-scale
industrialization. The British never wanted Punjab to become an industrial competitor—they
wanted it to remain an agricultural colony that served the needs of the Empire.
Easy2Siksha.com
Chapter 6: The Dual Impact – Prosperity and Dependence
If we look at Punjab under the British, we find a dual picture.
On one side, the British introduced modern agriculture, scientific irrigation, and
communication systems like railways which connected villages to markets. Punjab became
one of the most agriculturally advanced provinces of India.
But on the other side, the benefits were uneven. The common farmers and artisans were
left behind. The prosperity went mostly to large landowners and British administrators. The
rural economy became deeply tied to the needs of Britain, and Punjab’s industrial base
remained weak even at the time of independence.
Chapter 7: The Hidden Agenda
Every British policy had a hidden political motive—to ensure loyalty. The canal colonies
were often settled with ex-soldiers and loyal families, ensuring a steady supply of soldiers
for the British Indian Army. By keeping certain classes prosperous and others poor, the
British maintained control.
So, even when Punjab looked “peaceful” and “prosperous,” beneath the surface was a
system of economic dependency and social division—a structure that served the Empire,
not the people.
Conclusion: Seeds of Change
By the time the British left India in 1947, Punjab’s fields were green, but its industries were
still young. The British had successfully made Punjab the food basket of India, but not its
industrial heart.
Their policies towards agriculture and industry had one ultimate goal—to strengthen their
economic empire. The farmers toiled, the artisans faded, and the profits crossed the seas.
Yet, from this exploitation grew the spirit of resistance. The same peasants who were once
oppressed became the backbone of India’s freedom movement. The story of British policy in
Punjab is thus not just one of control—but also of awakening, self-reliance, and rebirth.
Easy2Siksha.com
4. Explain the development of modern education at Primary, Secondary and Higher levels
in the colonial Punjab.
Ans: In the mid-19th century, if you walked through the villages of Punjab, you would find
children learning in maktabs (Islamic schools), pathshalas (Hindu schools), or under the
shade of a tree with a local teacher teaching arithmetic on wooden slates. Education was
deeply rooted in tradition, religious texts, and oral learning. But with the arrival of the
British, a new chapter began—one that slowly replaced these indigenous systems with
modern, Western-style education.
This transformation did not happen overnight. It unfolded step by step—first at the primary
level, then at the secondary level, and finally at the higher level. Each stage reflected the
colonial government’s policies, the aspirations of local communities, and the larger political
and cultural changes of the time.
Let’s now explore this journey of modern education in colonial Punjab in a way that feels
like a story of growth and change.
Primary Education in Colonial Punjab
Early Efforts
• After annexing Punjab in 1849, the British realized that education could be a
powerful tool to administer the province.
• Initially, they tried to reform the existing indigenous schools rather than replace
them completely.
• The Education Dispatch of 1854 (Wood’s Dispatch) emphasized the spread of
primary education in villages.
Features of Primary Education
• Schools were set up in villages and towns with simple curricula—reading, writing,
arithmetic, and moral lessons.
• The medium of instruction was often the vernacular (Punjabi, Urdu, Hindi), making it
accessible to common people.
• The Punjab Education Department encouraged local communities to contribute
funds and support schools.
Challenges
• Many parents were reluctant to send children, especially girls, to these schools.
• Poverty forced children to work in fields rather than attend classes.
• Still, by the late 19th century, a network of primary schools had begun to spread
across Punjab.
In short: Primary education in colonial Punjab laid the foundation of literacy, though it
faced resistance and slow growth.
Easy2Siksha.com
Secondary Education in Colonial Punjab
Expansion after 1857
• After the Revolt of 1857, the British became more cautious but also more
determined to use education as a means of creating loyal subjects.
• Secondary schools were established in district headquarters and major towns.
Curriculum and Structure
• The curriculum was modeled on Western lines—English, mathematics, science,
history, and geography were introduced.
• Examinations became the standard method of evaluation.
• English gradually became the medium of instruction at higher levels, though
vernacular languages were used in lower classes.
Role of Missionaries and Local Communities
• Christian missionaries played a major role in setting up secondary schools, often
combining education with religious instruction.
• At the same time, local communities also established schools to preserve their
culture and identity.
o The Arya Samaj started Dayanand Anglo-Vedic (DAV) schools.
o The Singh Sabhas promoted Sikh schools to strengthen Sikh identity.
o Muslim leaders supported Anjuman-i-Islamia schools.
Importance of Secondary Education
• Secondary schools became the stepping stones for higher education.
• They produced clerks, teachers, and lower-level officials who served in the colonial
administration.
• They also created a new middle class that later played a role in social reform and
nationalist movements.
In short: Secondary education in colonial Punjab was the bridge between traditional
learning and modern higher education, shaping a new educated middle class.
Higher Education in Colonial Punjab
The Beginning
• For a long time, Punjab lagged behind Bengal and Bombay in higher education.
• The turning point came with the establishment of Government College, Lahore
(1864), which became a premier institution.
• In 1882, the Punjab University was founded in Lahore, modeled on the University of
Calcutta.
Easy2Siksha.com
Growth of Colleges
• Several colleges were established in the late 19th and early 20th centuries:
o Forman Christian College (1864) by missionaries.
o DAV College, Lahore (1886) by Arya Samaj.
o Khalsa College, Amritsar (1892) by Sikh reformers.
o Islamia College, Lahore (1892) by Muslim leaders.
Features of Higher Education
• The curriculum emphasized English literature, Western science, law, and philosophy.
• Professional courses in medicine, engineering, and law were gradually introduced.
• Higher education created a class of lawyers, doctors, teachers, and administrators.
Impact
• Colleges became centers of intellectual debate and reform.
• They nurtured leaders of social and political movements—many prominent figures of
the freedom struggle were products of these institutions.
• At the same time, higher education also created divisions, as different communities
set up their own colleges to preserve identity.
In short: Higher education in colonial Punjab produced the intellectual elite who shaped
both colonial administration and nationalist politics.
Importance of Modern Education in Colonial Punjab
1. Social Change – Education challenged old customs like child marriage and caste
discrimination.
2. Rise of Reform Movements – Arya Samaj, Singh Sabha, and Aligarh movements all
used education as a tool for reform.
3. Economic Opportunities – Educated Punjabis found jobs in administration, railways,
and law.
4. Political Awakening – Colleges became breeding grounds for nationalist ideas.
5. Cultural Identity – Different communities used education to preserve and promote
their religious and cultural values.
Storytelling
Think of colonial Punjab’s education system as a tree.
• Primary schools were the roots—small, scattered, but essential for growth.
• Secondary schools were the trunk—strong, structured, and connecting the roots to
the branches.
• Colleges and universities were the branches—spreading wide, bearing fruit in the
form of educated leaders, reformers, and professionals.
Easy2Siksha.com
Without the roots, the tree could not stand. Without the trunk, the branches could not
grow. Together, they created a new landscape of learning in Punjab.
Conclusion
The development of modern education in colonial Punjab was a gradual but transformative
process.
• At the primary level, it spread literacy and basic learning, though slowly and
unevenly.
• At the secondary level, it created a disciplined system of Western-style schooling,
producing clerks, teachers, and a new middle class.
• At the higher level, it gave rise to colleges and universities that produced
professionals, reformers, and nationalist leaders.
Education in colonial Punjab was not just about reading and writing—it was about shaping
society, creating opportunities, and sowing the seeds of political awakening.
In short: The story of modern education in colonial Punjab is the story of how a
traditional society was gradually drawn into the modern world, one classroom at a time.
SECTION-C
5. Discuss the origin, principles and achievements of the Namdhari Movement.
Ans: The Namdhari Movement – A Story of Faith, Reform, and Courage
In the mid-19th century, Punjab was passing through one of the darkest phases in its
history. The Sikh Empire of Maharaja Ranjit Singh had fallen, and after his death, Punjab was
annexed by the British in 1849. The proud land of the Sikhs, once full of energy, freedom,
and religious devotion, was now under foreign rule. People were losing their identity —
social evils were spreading, old traditions were fading, and foreign influences were
dominating their daily life.
It was during this time of despair that a new ray of hope appeared — the Namdhari
Movement, also known as the Kuka Movement. Like a fresh wind in a suffocating
atmosphere, this movement aimed to revive the purity of Sikh faith and the moral courage
of the people. It was not just a religious movement — it was a social, moral, and even
political awakening for the Sikhs of Punjab.
Origin of the Namdhari Movement
Easy2Siksha.com
The Namdhari Movement began around 1857, the same year India witnessed the great
revolt against the British. The founder of this movement was Baba Ram Singh, who was
born in 1816 in the small village of Bhaini (now Bhaini Sahib in Ludhiana district, Punjab).
Baba Ram Singh was deeply spiritual from his early days. He was influenced by the teachings
of the Sikh Gurus, especially Guru Nanak Dev Ji and Guru Gobind Singh Ji. He wanted to
bring back the simplicity and spiritual discipline that once existed in Sikhism. Over time, he
realized that the Sikh community had drifted away from its original principles — people had
started drinking, cutting their hair, and following unnecessary rituals influenced by both
Hindu and British customs.
To correct these wrongs and bring the community back to the path of purity, Baba Ram
Singh started preaching reform. His followers began to call themselves Namdharis because
they gave utmost importance to Naam (the Name of God) — the divine remembrance and
recitation of God’s name.
Meaning of “Namdhari”
The word “Namdhari” comes from two parts:
• Naam = Name (of God)
• Dhari = Bearer or holder
So, Namdhari means “one who bears the Name of God.”
The Namdharis believed that the true essence of religion lay not in rituals or idols, but in
constant remembrance of the Almighty through “Naam Simran.”
Principles of the Namdhari Movement
Baba Ram Singh and his followers followed strict and pure principles to reform society.
These principles can be grouped into religious, social, and political aspects.
1. Religious Principles
• Purity of Sikh Faith: Baba Ram Singh emphasized returning to the teachings of the
Guru Granth Sahib. He discouraged superstitions, idol worship, and the influence of
other religious customs that had crept into Sikhism.
• Naam Simran: The constant remembrance of God’s name was considered the
highest form of devotion.
• Simple Worship: Namdharis gathered together to sing hymns, meditate, and share
the teachings of the Gurus.
Easy2Siksha.com
• Living Guru Concept: Unlike other Sikhs who believed that Guru Gobind Singh Ji was
the last living Guru, Namdharis believed in a continuing line of living Gurus —
beginning with Baba Ram Singh himself.
2. Social Principles
• Equality: The movement stood firmly against the caste system. All human beings,
regardless of caste or social status, were considered equal.
• Simple Living: Namdharis wore simple white clothes made of hand-spun cloth and
lived with humility.
• No Intoxicants: They were forbidden from consuming alcohol, tobacco, or meat.
Baba Ram Singh believed these vices weakened both body and soul.
• Moral Discipline: Followers had to follow a strict moral code — honesty, non-
violence, purity in speech and conduct, and respect for women were essential
values.
• Promotion of Khadi: Long before Mahatma Gandhi made it a symbol of nationalism,
the Namdharis promoted the use of hand-spun cloth as a symbol of self-reliance and
purity.
3. Political Principles
Although the Namdhari Movement started as a religious reform, it gradually took on a
political tone. Baba Ram Singh wanted Indians, especially Sikhs, to be free from British
domination.
• He boycotted British goods, services, and institutions, urging his followers not to
work for the British government.
• He established parallel village administrations and promoted self-rule, a concept
that inspired later national leaders.
• Namdharis also raised their voice against cow slaughter, which they saw as an attack
on Indian culture and religious sentiment.
Achievements of the Namdhari Movement
The achievements of the Namdhari Movement were both spiritual and social, and they left
a lasting impression on the history of Punjab and India.
1. Religious Revival
Baba Ram Singh successfully reminded the Sikh community of the original values of Sikhism.
He revived the spirit of devotion, simplicity, and unity among Sikhs. People who had
forgotten their faith returned to the path of spirituality.
2. Social Reform
The Namdharis brought several positive changes in society:
Easy2Siksha.com
• They helped to remove caste barriers and promoted social equality.
• They encouraged women’s dignity and opposed child marriage and dowry.
• They promoted vegetarianism and non-violence as ways of life.
• Their simple white dress became a symbol of purity and reform.
3. Economic Self-Reliance
Baba Ram Singh’s emphasis on hand-spun cloth and self-reliance laid the early foundation
for what later became the Swadeshi Movement. The idea of rejecting foreign goods and
promoting Indian-made products came much before Gandhi made it a national movement.
4. Political Awakening
The Namdhari Movement was one of the earliest expressions of anti-British nationalism in
Punjab.
The Namdharis openly opposed British rule and even resorted to revolutionary acts when
peaceful efforts failed.
In 1872, some Namdharis attacked butchers who were slaughtering cows at Malerkotla. The
British reacted brutally — around 66 Namdharis were executed by being blown from
cannons. But their martyrdom inspired many others and planted the seeds of freedom and
resistance in Punjab.
Thus, even though they faced terrible punishment, their courage became a symbol of
national pride and sacrifice.
Legacy of the Namdhari Movement
Even today, the Namdhari community continues to exist, following the teachings of Baba
Ram Singh and the line of living Gurus. They continue to wear white clothes, live simply, and
promote peace, vegetarianism, and honesty.
The Namdhari Movement may have started as a small effort to reform Sikhism, but it ended
up becoming one of the earliest social reform and nationalist movements in India. It played
a vital role in awakening the conscience of the people and preparing the ground for the
larger struggle for India’s independence.
Conclusion
The story of the Namdhari Movement is the story of faith reborn and courage rediscovered.
It began with a simple desire — to purify religion — but soon turned into a fight for self-
respect and freedom.
Easy2Siksha.com
Baba Ram Singh’s Namdhari followers were not just reformers; they were the torchbearers
of truth, simplicity, and independence. Their sacrifices proved that even in times of slavery,
the human spirit can rise high when guided by faith and discipline.
The Namdhari Movement reminds us that great revolutions often begin with small acts of
conscience — and that when people unite in the name of truth and justice, even the
strongest empire begins to tremble.
6. Explain the origin and development of Gadhar Movement in Punjab.
Ans: It was the early 1900s. Thousands of Punjabis—mostly farmers and soldiers—were
leaving their villages and crossing oceans in search of work. They went to Canada, the
United States, and other parts of the world, carrying with them dreams of better lives. But
when they arrived, they faced harsh discrimination, racist immigration laws, and humiliating
treatment.
One day, a group of these migrants gathered in a small hall in San Francisco. They were
angry, not just at the racism abroad but also at the slavery of their motherland under British
rule. They decided that enough was enough. They would not beg for dignity—they would
fight for it. Out of this fire was born the Ghadar Movement, one of the most daring
revolutionary movements in India’s freedom struggle.
Let’s now walk through the origin and development of the Ghadar Movement in Punjab,
step by step, in a way that feels like a story of courage and sacrifice.
Origin of the Ghadar Movement
1. Conditions in Punjab
• Punjab was the “sword arm” of British India, supplying soldiers to the colonial army.
• Heavy taxation, land alienation, and economic hardships pushed many Punjabis to
migrate abroad.
• The memory of the annexation of Punjab (1849) and the suppression of Sikh pride
still lingered.
2. Experiences Abroad
• Indian migrants, especially Sikhs, faced racial discrimination in Canada and the US.
• The Komagata Maru incident (1914), where a ship carrying Indian migrants was
denied entry into Canada and forced back, became a symbol of humiliation.
• These experiences convinced migrants that true dignity could only come if India was
free.
3. Formation of the Ghadar Party
Easy2Siksha.com
• In 1913, in San Francisco, Indian expatriates formed the Hindi Association of the
Pacific Coast, soon known as the Ghadar Party.
• Leaders included Lala Har Dayal, Baba Sohan Singh Bhakna, Kartar Singh Sarabha,
and Rashbehari Bose.
• The word Ghadar means “revolt” or “rebellion,” inspired by the Revolt of 1857.
4. The Ghadar Newspaper
• The party started publishing a weekly paper called Ghadar in Urdu, Punjabi, and
other languages.
• It carried fiery articles urging Indians to rise against British rule.
• Copies were secretly sent to India, inspiring revolutionaries back home.
Thus, the Ghadar Movement was born out of a mix of humiliation abroad, oppression at
home, and the burning desire for freedom.
Development of the Ghadar Movement
1. World War I as an Opportunity
• When World War I broke out in 1914, the Ghadar leaders saw it as the perfect
chance.
• The British were busy fighting Germany, and the Ghadarites believed India could rise
in revolt.
• Thousands of Indians abroad returned to Punjab to spark an uprising.
2. Plans for Armed Revolt
• The Ghadarites planned to incite mutiny among Indian soldiers in the British army.
• They smuggled arms and spread revolutionary propaganda.
• The date for the uprising was set for February 21, 1915.
3. Betrayal and Failure
• Unfortunately, the plan was betrayed by informers.
• The British arrested many leaders before the revolt could begin.
• The uprising fizzled out, and the movement faced severe repression.
4. Trials and Martyrdom
• Hundreds of Ghadarites were arrested and tried in the famous Lahore Conspiracy
Case.
• Many were executed, including the young revolutionary Kartar Singh Sarabha, who
was only 19.
• Others were sentenced to life imprisonment and sent to the Andaman Cellular Jail.
5. Continued Spirit
Easy2Siksha.com
• Though the revolt failed, the spirit of Ghadar lived on.
• Leaders like Rashbehari Bose escaped and continued revolutionary activities.
• The movement inspired later organizations like the Hindustan Socialist Republican
Association (HSRA) and even influenced Bhagat Singh.
Importance of the Ghadar Movement
1. First Truly Global Movement
o It was organized by Indians living abroad, showing that the freedom struggle
was not confined to India.
2. Secular and Inclusive
o The Ghadar Party united Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs under one banner of
Indian nationalism.
3. Revolutionary Spirit
o Unlike moderate leaders who sought reforms, the Ghadarites openly called
for armed revolt.
4. Inspiration for Future Generations
o The sacrifices of Ghadarites inspired later revolutionaries like Bhagat Singh,
Udham Singh, and Subhas Chandra Bose.
5. Exposed British Vulnerability
o Even though suppressed, the movement showed that the British feared
organized rebellion, especially among soldiers.
Storytelling
Think of the Ghadar Movement as a spark carried across oceans. It began in the hearts of
migrants who felt insulted abroad, traveled back to Punjab with fiery determination, and
tried to ignite a nationwide blaze of revolution. Though the fire was stamped out by the
British, the smoke of sacrifice lingered, inspiring countless others to rise later.
Kartar Singh Sarabha, the teenage revolutionary, became a legend. Bhagat Singh kept his
photo in his pocket as inspiration. This shows how the Ghadar spirit lived far beyond its
immediate failure.
Conclusion
The origin of the Ghadar Movement lay in the humiliation of Indians abroad, the oppression
of Punjabis at home, and the inspiration of past revolts. Its development saw the formation
of the Ghadar Party in 1913, the spread of revolutionary propaganda, the attempt at armed
revolt during World War I, and the tragic failure due to betrayal.
Yet, the Ghadar Movement remains one of the most heroic chapters of India’s freedom
struggle. It was global in scope, secular in spirit, and revolutionary in method. Though it did
not achieve immediate success, it sowed seeds of courage and sacrifice that blossomed in
later movements.
Easy2Siksha.com
In short: The Ghadar Movement was not just a failed revolt—it was a roaring declaration
that Indians, whether in Punjab or across the seas, would never accept slavery quietly.
SECTION-D
7. Write a note on Gurdwara Reform Movement and its consequences.
Ans: The Background – When Faith Faced Misrule
To understand why this movement started, let’s imagine the scene of Punjab in the late
19th and early 20th centuries. The Sikh Gurdwaras—holy shrines that had once been
centres of spiritual learning, service, and equality—had unfortunately fallen into the wrong
hands.
These shrines were controlled by mahants (hereditary custodians). At first, these mahants
were simple caretakers, entrusted with looking after the property and daily religious
activities of the Gurdwaras. But over time, many of them became corrupt, greedy, and self-
serving. They began to misuse the Gurdwara property, live luxurious lives, and even go
against the teachings of Sikh Gurus.
Instead of kirtan, langar, and seva (service), many Gurdwaras became places of rituals,
drinking, and immoral activities. The Sikh community, which valued discipline, humility, and
devotion, was deeply hurt. The followers of Guru Nanak could no longer bear to see their
sacred institutions being disrespected.
This growing pain and anger among the Sikhs slowly turned into a powerful movement—a
call to reform the management of Gurdwaras and to reclaim them for the true Sikh
community.
The Spark that Ignited the Fire
The real turning point came in 1920, when the control of the Harmandir Sahib (Golden
Temple) and the Akal Takht—the most sacred places for Sikhs—was peacefully taken over
by the reformers. This gave tremendous confidence to the Sikh community.
Then came another incident that shook Punjab: the Nankana Sahib tragedy of 1921.
Nankana Sahib, the birthplace of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, was under the control of a cruel
mahant named Narain Das. When peaceful Sikh volunteers (known as Akalis) went to take
control of the shrine through non-violent means, the mahant’s men attacked them brutally.
Hundreds of Sikhs were killed mercilessly, even inside the holy precincts.
Easy2Siksha.com
But instead of breaking their spirit, this tragedy became a symbol of sacrifice and unity. It
awakened the conscience of Sikhs all over India and even abroad. Thousands joined the
reform movement, ready to face any hardship to protect their faith.
The Formation of the Akali Dal and the SGPC
As the movement grew stronger, it needed organization and leadership. This led to the birth
of two important Sikh institutions:
1. Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee (SGPC) – Formed in 1920, it became
the central body to manage Gurdwaras and look after their administration in
accordance with Sikh principles.
2. Akali Dal – Created as the political wing of the movement, the Akali Dal aimed to
fight for the rights of Sikhs, both religious and political.
Together, the SGPC and Akali Dal became the twin pillars of Sikh unity and reform. The
Akalis adopted non-violent methods, inspired by the teachings of Guru Nanak and also by
Mahatma Gandhi’s movement happening at the same time. They organized jathas (groups
of volunteers) to peacefully reclaim the Gurdwaras from the corrupt mahants.
Despite arrests, beatings, and even deaths, the Akalis remained peaceful and determined.
The sight of unarmed men walking fearlessly into gunfire and lathis, reciting “Waheguru,”
became a powerful symbol of Sikh courage and faith.
Government’s Reaction and Struggle for Recognition
The British Government, which ruled India then, viewed this growing unity among Sikhs as a
threat. They feared that such organized efforts could fuel the freedom movement as well.
So, they tried to suppress the reformers by arresting leaders, banning meetings, and
supporting the mahants.
However, these actions only strengthened the determination of the Sikhs. The movement
gained national attention, and Indian leaders like Mahatma Gandhi and Pandit Madan
Mohan Malaviya supported the Sikh cause. The British soon realized that they could no
longer ignore the people’s voice.
Victory of the Reformers – The Sikh Gurdwaras Act, 1925
After years of peaceful struggle, sacrifices, and negotiations, the British Government finally
passed the Sikh Gurdwaras Act in 1925.
Easy2Siksha.com
This law recognized:
• The SGPC as the official body to manage the historical Sikh shrines.
• The right of the Sikh community to elect its representatives for managing the
Gurdwaras.
• The removal of corrupt mahants and return of Gurdwara property to the
community.
It was a historic victory—not only for Sikhs but for all Indians fighting for justice and self-
rule. The movement proved that faith and unity can achieve miracles without violence.
Consequences of the Gurdwara Reform Movement
The Gurdwara Reform Movement left a deep mark on Sikh history and on India’s struggle
for freedom. Its consequences can be seen in many dimensions:
1. Religious Consequences
• The control of Gurdwaras was restored to the Sikh community.
• Religious purity was brought back, and rituals against Sikh teachings were abolished.
• The SGPC ensured that every Gurdwara functioned according to Gurmat (teachings
of the Gurus).
• The movement revived pride in Sikh identity, encouraging Sikhs to reconnect with
their faith and traditions.
2. Social Consequences
• The movement promoted unity and equality among Sikhs, cutting across caste and
class divisions.
• It inspired women participation in religious and social causes—Sikh women played a
vital role in mobilizing people.
• The idea of selfless service (seva) was strengthened as thousands worked voluntarily
for the cause.
3. Political Consequences
• The Akali Dal emerged as a powerful political force representing Sikh interests.
• The movement trained many leaders who later played key roles in the Indian
freedom struggle.
• It showed the British that Indians could organize, protest, and win rights peacefully,
influencing other nationalist movements.
4. Cultural Consequences
• The movement rekindled a sense of Sikh cultural identity, promoting Punjabi
language, music, and literature.
Easy2Siksha.com
• Gurdwaras once again became centres of learning, service, and moral guidance.
• The sacrifices made during the movement became part of Sikh collective memory
and heritage.
The Spirit That Lives On
Even today, when we visit any Gurdwara—listen to the soothing Gurbani, share langar with
strangers, and see everything managed with discipline and devotion—we are unknowingly
witnessing the results of the Gurdwara Reform Movement. It wasn’t merely a fight for
property or power; it was a fight for purity, faith, and self-respect.
The movement reminded the world that true religion is not about rituals, but about
righteous action. It proved that when people unite with honesty and courage for a noble
cause, no empire can silence their voice.
In Conclusion
The Gurdwara Reform Movement was not just a chapter in Sikh history—it was a spiritual
revolution. It reclaimed not only the Gurdwaras but also the dignity of the Sikh community.
The courage of the Akalis, the wisdom of their leaders, and the devotion of the common
Sikhs together transformed despair into victory.
It stands as a timeless reminder that even in the face of corruption and oppression, truth
and faith always find their way back to light—just like a lamp that may flicker but never
goes out.
8. Discuss the career of Bhagat Singh with special reference to his role in the
Freedom Struggle.
Ans: On the evening of 23rd March 1931, three young men—Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and
Sukhdev—walked calmly towards the gallows in Lahore Jail. They were only in their early
twenties, yet they carried themselves with the courage of seasoned warriors. Outside the
prison walls, thousands of Indians wept, shouted slogans, and lit lamps in their memory.
These young men had become more than individuals—they had become symbols of
resistance, sacrifice, and the undying spirit of freedom.
Among them, Bhagat Singh stood out as a revolutionary whose short but intense career left
an indelible mark on India’s freedom struggle. His life was not just about daring acts of
violence; it was also about ideas, writings, and a vision of a free and just India. Let’s now
Easy2Siksha.com
trace his career step by step, with special reference to his role in the struggle for
independence.
Early Life and Influences
• Birth and Family: Bhagat Singh was born on 28 September 1907 in Banga village,
Punjab (now in Pakistan). His family was deeply patriotic—his father and uncles were
involved in anti-British activities.
• Impact of Jallianwala Bagh (1919): As a boy of just 12, Bhagat Singh visited the site
of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Amritsar. The sight of blood-soaked soil left a
permanent scar on his mind.
• Education and Ideals: He was a voracious reader, inspired by the lives of Garibaldi,
Lenin, Marx, and Indian revolutionaries. He believed that freedom was not just
political independence but also social and economic justice.
From a very young age, Bhagat Singh’s mind was shaped by both personal experiences
and global revolutionary ideas.
Entry into Revolutionary Politics
• In his teenage years, Bhagat Singh joined youth organizations like the Naujawan
Bharat Sabha, which aimed to awaken political consciousness among the masses.
• He later became a member of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association
(HSRA), a revolutionary group that believed in armed struggle against British rule.
• Unlike moderates who sought reforms or even leaders who followed non-violence,
Bhagat Singh believed that only a radical approach could shake the foundations of
colonial power.
The Saunders Incident (1928)
• In 1928, the veteran nationalist leader Lala Lajpat Rai was injured in a brutal lathi
charge ordered by British police officer James Scott during a protest against the
Simon Commission. Rai later died of his injuries.
• To avenge his death, Bhagat Singh and his associates planned to kill Scott. However,
due to mistaken identity, they shot John Saunders, another police officer, in Lahore.
• This act made Bhagat Singh a wanted man, forcing him to go underground.
The Saunders incident showed Bhagat Singh’s determination to strike back at colonial
injustice, though it also revealed the risks of revolutionary violence.
The Central Legislative Assembly Bombing (1929)
• On 8 April 1929, Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw two low-intensity bombs
in the Central Legislative Assembly in Delhi.
• The bombs were deliberately non-lethal; their aim was not to kill but to “make the
deaf hear.”
Easy2Siksha.com
• After throwing the bombs, they shouted slogans of “Inquilab Zindabad” (Long Live
the Revolution) and threw leaflets explaining their cause.
• Instead of escaping, they surrendered voluntarily, using the trial as a platform to
spread their revolutionary message.
This act transformed Bhagat Singh into a household name across India. He became a
hero not just for his courage but for his clarity of purpose.
Hunger Strike in Jail
• While awaiting trial, Bhagat Singh and his comrades launched a hunger strike
demanding better treatment for Indian political prisoners.
• The strike lasted for weeks and drew massive public attention.
• The death of fellow revolutionary Jatin Das during the strike further inflamed public
opinion against the British.
The hunger strike showed Bhagat Singh’s moral courage and his ability to turn even
prison into a battlefield for justice.
Trial and Execution
• Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev were tried in the Lahore Conspiracy Case for the
killing of Saunders.
• Despite weak evidence, the colonial government was determined to make an
example of them.
• On 23 March 1931, they were executed in Lahore Jail, a day earlier than scheduled,
to avoid public unrest.
• Their bodies were secretly cremated by the British, but news of their martyrdom
spread like wildfire.
Their execution turned them into martyrs, immortalizing their names in India’s freedom
struggle.
Bhagat Singh’s Role in the Freedom Struggle
1. Symbol of Youthful Courage
o At just 23, Bhagat Singh became a symbol of fearless resistance.
o He inspired thousands of young Indians to join the struggle for independence.
2. Shift from Violence to Ideology
o Though he participated in violent acts, Bhagat Singh emphasized that “bombs
and pistols do not make a revolution.”
o He believed in the power of ideas, education, and social change.
3. Secular and Socialist Vision
o Bhagat Singh rejected communal divisions.
o He envisioned an India based on equality, socialism, and secularism.
4. Inspiration for Future Generations
Easy2Siksha.com
o His writings, such as Why I Am an Atheist, revealed his rational and
progressive thinking.
o Leaders like Subhas Chandra Bose and later revolutionaries drew inspiration
from his ideals.
Storytelling
Think of Bhagat Singh’s career as a flame. It burned brightly but briefly. From the soil of
Jallianwala Bagh to the gallows of Lahore Jail, his journey was one of passion, sacrifice, and
vision. He was not content with living a long, ordinary life—he wanted to live a short,
extraordinary one that would awaken millions.
Even Mahatma Gandhi, who disagreed with his methods, acknowledged the impact of his
martyrdom. Across India, children sang songs of “Shaheed Bhagat Singh,” and his
photograph adorned homes, schools, and protest marches.
Conclusion
The career of Bhagat Singh was short but transformative.
• He began as a young boy inspired by the tragedy of Jallianwala Bagh.
• He grew into a revolutionary who avenged injustice, challenged colonial laws, and
used trials and hunger strikes as platforms for resistance.
• His execution at 23 turned him into a martyr, but his ideas lived on—about
revolution, equality, and freedom.
In short: Bhagat Singh’s role in the freedom struggle was not just about fighting the
British with bombs and bullets—it was about igniting the minds of Indians with courage,
ideas, and the dream of a just and free nation.
“This paper has been carefully prepared for educational purposes. If you notice any mistakes or
have suggestions, feel free to share your feedback.”
